Tag: Duodenal Switch
Magnesium Questions
May 11, 2016 6:07 am
Since our Webinar on Magnesium, I have received several Magnesium Questions recently regarding Magnesium deficiency. There is some evidence that calcium deficiency can not be corrected with an underlying magnesium deficiency. This may be due to the fact that magnesium is essential to converting Vitamin D to it’s active form and more information here. The active form of Vitamin D is needed to actively transport Calcium within the cell. This may be the confusion that calcium absorption needs magnesium. It is not needed directly but rather indirectly via Vitamin D.
Other cofactors needed in Vitamin D metabolism are:
Zinc (high doses antagonist with Magnesium and Copper)
Boron (raises Magnesium blood levels)
Vitamin K2
Vitamin A in small amounts
Further information regarding bone health and nutrients here.

Some important facts about Magnesium are:
- It is Absorbed in the distal Jejunum and Ileum (small intestines) and to some degree the colon.
- Plays an important role in Parathyroid Hormone synthesis which is also acted upon by Vitamin D
- Vitamin D increases Magnesium absorption
- All enzymes that metabolize Vitamin D require Magnesium
- Magnesium has a positive effect on Vitamin D deficiency.
- Magnesium and calcium are antagonist to each other on a cellular level (work against each other) They use an overlapping transport system for reabsorption within the kidneys and thereby compete with each other. Magnesium may also bind to calcium binding sites and intracellular protein binding sites due to their similarity.
- Calcium supplements can decrease Magnesium absorption.
- It Activates digestive enzymes for protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism.
- Essential for protein synthesis
- Stores and moves energy acquired from digestion.
- Regulates Calcium via Vitamin D and increasing urinary excretion of calcium
Factors inhibiting Magnesium absorption:
- PPI
- Fiber
- Phytates
- Excessive unabsorbed fatty acids
- Calcium
- Phosphorus
- Protein

In summary, post Bariatric patients are at risk for magnesium deficiency and it plays an important role in overall health and bone health. Our practice recommends Magnesium Glycinate as the form for supplementation in at least a 2:1 ration with calcium. An example is: Calcium 2000mg daily to Magnesium Glycinate 1000mg daily. (Supplement based on your laboratory studies) We hope that this blog has answered some of your Magnesium Questions.
Stricture after Sleeve Gastrectomy Duodenal Switch
May 01, 2016 9:45 pm
According to the American Society of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery sleeve gastrectomy has become the most commonly performed operations in 2012. Sleeve gastrectomy became popular because of the high failure rate of the adjustable gastric banding and the issues with RNY pouch. The Sleeve Gastrectomy was performed many years prior to 2012 as a part of the Duodenal Switch procedure. Stricture is a complication occurring post Sleeve Gastrectomy and Duodenal Switch.
Stricture:
Sleeve gastrectomy may appear to be a simple procedure under the surface; however, it is fraught with very unique and challenging complications. These may include, but are not limited to, staple line failure resulting in leak, injury to the spleen, stricture, and even a rare and under diagnosed portal vein thrombosis. Technique is important in avoiding short and long-term complications. Strictures can be caused by making the sleeve stomach too narrow or by stapling in a fashion where the corkscrew stomach.
Some surgeons create a very narrow sleeved stomach in an attempt to maximize weight loss by increasing restriction. This can result in significant GERD in patient with no long-term benefit. Re-sleeving is another incidence were strictures can become an issue. These strictures are debilitating and almost all the time require surgical intervention. Balloon dilation by an endoscopy method is frequently unsuccessful. The patient who has a stricture should seek the attention of an experienced revision surgeon for surgical repair. Strictures are usually a short narrow segment of the stomach. The reason why sleeve gastrectomy strictures do not respond well to balloon dilatation is because of the staples line that is present on one side of the tube of the stomach that cannot be stretched.
Some surgeons create a very narrow sleeved stomach in an attempt to maximize weight loss by increasing restriction. This can result in significant GERD in patient with no long-term benefit. Re-sleeving is another incidence were strictures can become an issue. These strictures are debilitating and almost all the time require surgical intervention. Balloon dilation by an endoscopy method is frequently unsuccessful. The patient who has a stricture should seek the attention of an experienced revision surgeon for surgical repair. Strictures are usually a short narrow segment of the stomach. The reason why sleeve gastrectomy strictures do not respond well to balloon dilatation is because of the staples line that is present on one side of the tube of the stomach that cannot be stretched.
An increasingly more complicated problem is when the stricture is caused by a spiraling of the staple line. This is quite frequently seen where the stapling of the stomach was started on the greater curvature of the stomach and rotated anteriorly causing a corkscrew effect of the stomach. A long segment stricture of the stomach cannot be corrected by balloon angioplasty and would require surgical intervention.
I have been involved with numerous repairs of strictures on sleeve gastrectomies and Duodenal Switch stomach from other institutions. In my opinion, repeated endoscopy and balloon dilatation only complicate further care by compromising the tenuous tissue of a strictured stomach due to scaring and blood supply. As above-stated earlier it is critical that a patient who is experiencing significant reflux, changes in nausea and vomiting, suspected stricture or narrowing, or has a corkscrew stomach to be seen by an experienced surgeon for surgical repair. See the following Blog for health issues that can occur or progress with strictures.
Sleeve Gastrectomy specimen picture.
Billroth I or II and Diabetes
March 01, 2016 8:37 am
I have previously discussed the two variations of anastomosis that can be created between the stomach and the first segment of the small bowel. Historically, Billroth I and II procedures were named after Dr. Theodor Billroth who did the first of this type of operation in the 1881 (BI) and then in 1885 (BII).
The following article published in Bariatric Times 2016;13(2);8-10. discusses the resolution of diabetes and its outcomes based on these two types of the anastomosis between the stomach and the small bowel.
Billroth I VS Billroth II
This study concludes that “In summary, we concluded that based on our analysis of the literature, BII reconstruction is more effective than BI reconstruction for achieving postoperative diabetes control.”
Lets remind ourselves that Duodenal switch is a BII reconstruction where as the SIPS, SADI and other lookalikes are BI.
This study only reiterates that these unproven operations need to be studies further and that the patients need to be aware of the consequences of their decisions when choosing a particular operation. Be aware and informed to know the differences between Duodenal Switch and the procedures that are promoted as similar one – which they are not.
Visual comparison of Duodenal Switch and SADI/SIPS/Loop here.
Further description of Duodenal Switch here.
Hiatal Hernia Treatment
February 13, 2016 4:45 pm
Hiatal Hernia may be one reason for developing symptoms of GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux disease). As we have discussed previously, the treatment for reflux should not be long-term use of the “purple pill”, or all PPI’s, as advertised on TV. There is a large population who are delaying definitive care and probably increasing their chance of esophageal cancer by taming the symptoms of the reflux with over the counter or prescription medication. However, it is important to note that taming the symptoms isn’t necessarily stopping the effects. Be proactive and request to be sent to a surgeon to fix any issues if you are being recommended to “….take the medication and come back again for another endoscopy again ….”
Types of Hiatal Hernia:

This is an example of a patient who had been told to take the medication and just keep and eye on it with repetitive endoscopies. He had to have hiatal hernia repair with Nissen fundoplication for progressively worsening symptoms even on maximum treatment.
This is another example of a hiatal hernia repair procedure of a patient with a previous history of sleeve gastrectomy. In this patient, mesh had to be placed in order to fix the hiatal hernia.
Dual Testimonial: Cameron’s Gastroparesis surgery & Scott’s Revision of a Duodenal Switch
February 01, 2016 8:04 am
In 2015, I came into contact with the most unique, passionate, urgently responsive; talented beyond belief and caring surgeon I have ever met. Our oldest son who is a 21-year-old cancer survivor, has had nearly five years of medical nightmare as diagnosed with severe gastroparesis resultant from his vagal nerve being severed during a previous Nissen Fundoplication surgery. We didn’t find out that this had happened until nearly two years later and only after a 4 hour gastric emptying test showed that Cameron’s stomach was only about 30% emptied after four hours (should be empty after an hour) due to gastroparesis.
I had heard about Dr. Keshishian on a Bariatric support group page on which I post and get great advice. The surgeon back in Central, IL where we live told us that Cameron needed a subtotal gastrectomy to remove 80% of his stomach! This sounded radical and no way in the world was that going to happen. I was given Dr. Keshishian’s email address so I could consult with him for his advice. It was a Saturday morning around 7 AM Central time when I sent off an email to Dr. Keshishian detailing Cameron’s medical history and current issues. I was in hoping that his office would get the email on Monday and hopefully get back to me within a week. I went out to my kitchen to get a cup of coffee and when I returned I had a missed call with a California area code. Yep, it was Dr. Keshishian. I called back and we talked for 45 minutes. He suggested several things and told me that any good general surgeon in my area could do surgery on Cameron and fix him, well that was the only time he was wrong. We couldn’t find anyone in our area who would do the surgery.
So we talked and agreed that Cameron needed a Roux-en Y drain put in place to physically drain his stomach by way of gravity (not for any weight loss as very little small bowel was bypassed). Dr. Keshishian got us in the next week and we flew out to Glendale where he met with Cameron for an examination on that Monday. On Tuesday, Dr. Keshishian performed surgery to fix Cameron’s herniated diaphragm, loose Nissen wrap, performed the Roux-n Y limb and anastomosis to the stomach. Dr. Keshishian also found a Meckel’s diverticulum (a congenital small bowel defect that can cause internal bleeding and serious issues). The following Sunday, Cameron developed severe pain due to chronic pain from his Cancer treatment and 12 subsequent surgeries, many on his abdomen. Dr. Keshishian saw Cameron in the ER and spent 3 hours fixing Cameron’s pain issue and making sure he was medically sound so we could fly home the next day.
Today, Cameron has very little to no issues which you wouldn’t have believed possible six months earlier. In the past, he had violent retching, dry heaving and bad nausea daily which had him severely incapacitated and very depressed due to a feeling of hopelessness and pain from the Gastroparesis. He didn’t believe he had a chance at a normal life but Dr. Keshishian gave Cameron his life back. We are eternally grateful for your huge heart and talent Dr. Keshishian. Thank you!
During our time in Glendale in 2015 for Cameron’s surgery Dr. Keshishian and I began discussing my situation. I had been given a virgin Duodenal Switch performed by a surgeon in Illinois in September of 2013. A year later in 2014 and 180 lbs lighter, I ended up in the hospital as I was passing out. I had a resting heart rate of 35 BPM, a blood pressure in the 75/40 range and incredibly bad labs including anemia, low copper, low zinc, and dangerously low albumin and total protein. A full cardiac work up was completed and I spent a week in intermediate care. Why? I was extremely malnourished even though I was consuming 200-250 grams of protein daily! Why was I malnourished? Because my original surgeon performed a “cookie cutter DS” on me where he didn’t measure my small bowel and arbitrarily gave this 6’2 man a 100 cm common channel and a 150 cm Alimentary limb. Way too short on the AL! Had the Hess method been followed (the only way the DS should be allowed to be completed) my CC would have been 100 cm (that was okay) but my Alimentary channel should have been 275 cm! Simply put, my absorbing portion of small bowel was 34% and the Biliopancreatic limb (non-absorbing) was 66%. It should have been a 50/50 ratio with 100 cm CC, 275 cm AL and a 375 cm BPL. In order to combat my severe malnutrition that September of 2014 I went on a pancreatic enzyme (CREON) to assist my nutrient absorption. I was taking with meals right around 400,000 IU’s of CREON (a boat load) and this was barely keeping my nutrients in range and lab values barely in range. After speaking with Dr. Keshishian, he recommended that I give it until around September of 2015 to see if my absorption increased enough to where a revision wouldn’t be required. Towards the end of July, I all of the sudden lost nearly 20 pounds in two weeks from my already frail and scrawny body. I saw my surgeon in Peoria as I was very alarmed; and I had been having bad cramping and other issues point to a possible bowel obstruction His exact words to me were “see me in 30 days, you are like the DS poster boy of good nutrition”. As you can imagine I found that completely unacceptable and soon as I was out of that appointment I emailed Dr. Keshishian. He told me that if I couldn’t get a revision ASAP I would need to immediately go on TPN. Two weeks later my wife and I landed at LAX and were in Glendale on Monday morning for an exam with Dr. Keshishian.
The job Dr. Keshishian did describing what he was going to do, and of course this was a visual presentation with Dr. Keshishian drawing (you know Dr K’s love of drawing) out for us what he was going to do. He thoroughly explained for my wife and I so she was comfortable with what was going to happen and we fully understood what he was going to do. Doc also found an umbilical hernia that he was going to repair and I had an anal fissure as well that wouldn’t heal so we discussed what he would do to examine and possibly fix during my revision surgery. The next day Dr. Keshishian performed surgery where he fixed the umbilical hernia, measured my total small bowel length to determine appropriate channel lengths and found an repaired a huge mesenteric defect (intestinal hernia and Dr K has a picture of my guts with the huge hole in the mesentery that he has posted on his blog discussing intestinal hernias and blockages), fixed my fissure (Thank you!) and put in a side by side anastomosis that effectively lengthened my AL by 125 cm and my CC by 25 cm worth of absorption. This put my absorbing intestine to BPL ratio where it should have been in the first place (50/50 ratio).
I am pleased to say that I immediately went off the CREON and my absorption and subsequently my lab values improved tremendously. At surgery on August 18, 2015 I weighed a whopping 170 lbs. Today I am weighing in at 183 pounds and well on my way to Dr. Keshishian’s suggested optimal weight target of 205.
Dr. Keshishian is absolutely amazing and the best in the world when it comes to performing the Duodenal Switch and revision to DS Surgery (Band to DS, RnY to DS, Channel extending revision to DS). I would recommend Dr. Keshishian to any patient who needs a virgin Duodenal Switch to get their health back and especially to those who were sold a garbage RnY or Crapband procedure that ultimately failed you (it failed you, you did not fail). In fact, I am trying very hard to convince my brother and Step Mother to fly to Glendale and have Dr. Keshishian perform a Duodenal Switch on them. They very much need it for their health and Dr. Keshishian is the best in the world having performed over 2,000 DS procedures.
I don’t say this lightly. Ara, you are one of the finest human beings I have ever had the good fortune of knowing and your surgical skills are second to none. I really do admire and love this gentleman like a brother and consider him to be a friend. Thank you for using your incredible skill to fix my health issues resultant from the failed cookie cutter Duodenal Switch I was given two years earlier by another surgeon. Had I met you back then and knew what I know now, you would have performed my virgin DS and I would not have suffered for two plus years. Thank you from the bottom of my heart, Dr. K!
NSAIDS Use After Duodenal SwitchExclusive Member Content
January 30, 2016 9:19 am
Fluids and Electrolytes After Weight Loss Surgery
January 29, 2016 7:06 am
Fluids and Electrolytes after weight loss surgery are an important part of recovery and lifestyle after undergoing a weight loss surgical procedure. Potassium is an important electrolyte found in higher concentrations within the fluid of the cells. It is important in muscle contraction, heart rhythm, nerve function and co-enzyme function.
Fluids and Electrolytes
The following webinar (link) discusses the balance of fluids and electrolytes with particular attention to post weight loss surgery concerns. Deficiencies can cause heart arrhythmias, muscle weakness and cramping, intestinal paralysis, and neurological deficits.
The Daily Recommended Amount for Potassium is 4,700mg
Here is a list of Lower-carb potassium sources: This is not meant to be in inclusive list. There are many higher carb sources of potassium also.
- Beet Greens- 1/2C 655 mg
- Trout 3oz – 375 mg
- Salmon 719 mg per average filet
- Halibut or Yellowfin Tuna 3oz – 500mg
- Clams 3oz- 534 mg
- Avocados 1 whole- 974 mg
- Squash 1C- 325mg
- Broccoli 1 cup 475m
- Watermelon Radish 3 oz – 233mg
- Sweet Potatoes- one potato 694mg
- Yogurt 1C – 579mg
- Tomato paste 1/4C – 342 mg
- Whole milk 1C – 366 mg
- Chicken breast meat 1 cup chopped – 358 mg
- Cauliflower 1 cup raw– 303 mg
- Peanut butter 2 T – 208 mg
- Asparagus spears 6 – 194 m
- Daikon Radish – 3″ – 280 mg
- Nuts 100-300 mg per 30g / 1 oz serving, depending on the type
- Dark leafy greens 160 mg per cup of raw, 840 mg per cooked
- Kohlrabi 3oz- 98mg
- Mushrooms 1 C- 273 mg
- Spinach – 1 cup 167 mg Potassium
- Walnuts 2 oz-250 mg
2016 Back on Track Giveaway!Exclusive Member Content
January 16, 2016 1:43 pm
Dr. Caya’s Yogurt RecipeExclusive Member Content
December 09, 2015 10:01 am
Pregnancy And Weight Loss Surgery
November 21, 2015 5:34 pm
This is not a substitution for formal medical advise that should be given to any patient by their bariatric surgeon and and OB/GYN familiar and experienced in the care of female patients with history of weight loss surgery. This is information that we provide our patients when we are notified of their pregnancy.
We recommend and instruct to take all precautions to avoid getting pregnant within the first 18 to 24 months following weight loss surgery. There is a significant amount of information about preferable birth controls, those to avoid, and additional pertinent information on our website.
Women who become pregnant after Weight Loss Surgery (WLS) should receive specific attention from their obstetrician because of the high risk nature of their pregnancy. Please make sure that you share this information with your OB/GYN. Many patients have become pregnant and delivered health babies after Duodenal switch (DS) without difficulty, but you do need to be watched more closely. The scientific study favor patients getting pregnant after DS when their weight loss , and nutritional markers have stabilized (18 months or longer) and not before. You also need to make sure you are taking all necessary vitamins, minerals and protein.
The first trimester is a very important time in the development of the fetus. Most organs and structures of the fetus are formed in the first trimester and therefore it is imperative that you pay close attention to your nutrition and your nutritional supplements.
You should continue to take your general multivitamins, other vitamins, minerals and your calcium as you were taking prior to getting pregnant. In addition, you should also take what will be prescribed by your OB/GYN. Do not substitute your prenatal vitamin and any other supplements that you are prescribed by your OB/GYN with what you were prescribed by our office. Each patient’s situation is individualized and additional changes or supplementations may be needed based on the advice of your surgeon and OB/GYN. Multiple fetus pregnancies require additional vitamin, mineral and protein needs.
A good prenatal vitamin should contain these:
Vitamin C – is essential for tissue repair, wound and bone healing and increases the body’s resistance to infection. For mother and baby this vitamin is essential daily as it is the agent that holds newly formed cells together. Helps baby to grow and builds strong bones and teeth. It is also instrumental in the body’s ability to absorb iron.
Vitamin D – promotes general growth. It maintains proper levels of calcium and phosphorus thus helping to build baby’s bones and teeth.
B Vitamins (thiamine, vitamin B6, riboflavin) – Thiamine converts carbohydrates into energy for mother and baby and is essential for baby’s brain development. It also aids in normal functioning of the nervous system and heart. If deficient during pregnancy, a baby is at risk for beriberi, a serious heart ailment. Vitamin B6 is also vital to develop your baby’s brain and nervous system. Riboflavin helps the body to produce energy. It promotes growth, good vision and healthy skin for mom and is important for the development of the baby’s bone, muscle and nervous system.
Folic Acid – is one of the B Vitamins that is needed to produce red blood cells. It helps synthesize DNA, is conducive to normal brain functions and is a critical part of spinal fluid, thus making it one of the few nutrients known to prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida.
Calcium – your developing baby needs this mineral to grow strong bones and teeth, healthy nerves and muscles and to develop normal heart rhythm and blood clotting.
Potassium – is a mineral that helps maintain fluid balance in the body. This mineral helps regulate blood pressure, nerve impulses and muscle contractions.
Vitamin A – is important for cell growth, healthy skin and mucous membranes, and resistance to infections. It benefits red blood cell production in both mother and baby. This vitamin is essential for postpartum tissue repair.
Copper – a trace mineral found in all plant and animal tissues; it’s essential for forming red blood cells-a key process during pregnancy, when your blood supply doubles. Copper also aids tissue growth, glucose metabolism, and growth of healthy hair. It also helps form a baby’s heart, skeletal and nervous systems, arteries, and blood vessels.
Pantothenic Acid – is a trace mineral that regulates the body’s adrenal activity, antibody production, and the growth and metabolism of protein and fats. If you are deficient in this vitamin during pregnancy your baby’s growth may be slowed. This trace mineral is required for many essential functions, including growth, appetite regulation, digestion, wound healing, and the maintenance of collagen and elastin which may explain why some doctors think it may also help prevent stretch marks, one of the banes of pregnancy.
Iron – makes red blood cells, supplies oxygen to cells for energy and growth and builds bones and teeth. In pregnancy this mineral is so crucial because the body must produce extra blood to support the growing baby. During pregnancy you will need double the recommended daily allowance of iron to insure your health and that of your baby’s.
More often than not, many expectant mothers find taking a prenatal vitamin increases nausea in early pregnancy and sometimes beyond. If this happens, ask your doctor or midwife to change your formula or it may help to change how and when you take your vitamin. It is sometimes helpful to take your prenatal vitamins before you go to bed at night. If swallowing a large pill is difficult, cut it in half. In any event just like your mother said all those years, don’t forget to take your vitamin.
The following are important vitamin and nutritional components throughout the pregnancy but in particular the first trimester.
- Folic Acid: one of the B vitamins has been found to prevent neural tube defects (NTD). Increased intake of folic acid reduces the risk of NTDs such as anencephaly and spina bifida (open spine) by as much as 50 to 70% if women take enough before conception and in the early months of pregnancy. Take your general multivitamin and prenatal vitamin every day.
- Vitamin A: important to prevent blindness in the fetus. Vitamin A levels should be drawn and monitored prior to becoming pregnant and during the pregnancy to ensure adequate intake. You may need to take additional Vitamin A in a Dry water-soluble form such as Biotech Vitamin A 25. Please contact your surgeons office if your Vitamin A levels are below normal, or have not been drawn recently.
- Vitamin D: important for bone growth and formation. Vitamin D levels should be drawn prior to becoming pregnant and during the pregnancy to ensure adequate intake. Dry water-soluble form of Vitamin D3 such as Biotech D3 50. There is some research that adequate Vitamin D levels help protect against pre-term labor and an increase in preeclampsia risk.
- Protein: necessary in all structural formation of the fetus and the mother needs to increase protein intake by a minimum of 30 grams daily. Protein is need in nearly all fetal tissue formation.
The second and third trimesters are important in the growth, development and formation of bone structure and the overall growth of the fetus. It is important at this point to continue taking a minimum of 1500 mg Calcium (or what was prescribed by your surgeon), increased protein intake, your multivitamin, prenatal vitamin and any other supplements prescribed by your OB/GYN or surgeon. You may also need to increase your calorie intake with nutritious foods included in a healthy, well balance diet.
If you have any questions please contact your surgeon or the OBGYN. Your surgeon should also be willing to discuss any concerns that you or your OB/GYN may have with them.
Here is an discussion about the outcome of pregnancy after weight loss surgery.
In general we also advice against certain types of birth control because of the associated weight gain reported by the manufacturers. This is a decision that needs to be made after considering all potential side effects including the potential weight related issues. Ease of use should not be the only variable.
As indicated at the beginning of this blog, the information provided here is not a substitute for your nutritional evaluation by your bariatric surgeon or an experienced OB/GYN.







